![]() ![]() Another obstacle is the low cellular uptake of curcumin. In spite of all the above mentioned advantages, curcumin’s applications are limited due to its low water solubility which results in poor oral bioavailability and also low chemical stability. Several studies reported curcumin’s antitumor activity on breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, and brain tumors, showing its capability to target multiple cancer cell lines. The main mechanisms of action by which curcumin exhibits its unique anticancer activity include inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation and invasion of tumors by suppressing a variety of cellular signaling pathways. The applications of curcumin in other diseases are beyond the scope of this review and have been reviewed elsewhere. Due to the importance of cancer as a leading cause of death and the ongoing quest for more efficient and less toxic anticancer agents, this review has mainly focused on the anticancer activity of curcumin. Therefore, a great deal of scientific work has shed light on the structure activity relationship (SAR) of curcumin in an attempt to improve its physiochemical and biological properties. These properties are attributed to the key elements in the curcumin structure. Curcumin and its derivatives have received immense attention in the past two decades due to their biofunctional properties such as anti-tumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. (turmeric) and was extracted from turmeric plant in a pure crystalline form for the first time in 1870. Among them, curcumin is the most important component of the rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. In addition to the chemically synthesized anticancer agents, several anticancer compounds with different modes of action have been extracted from plant sources, such as Taxus brevifolia, Catharanthus roseus, Betula alba, Cephalotaxus species, Erythroxylum previllei, Curcuma longa, and many others. There are several common strategies for targeting specific cancer cells to inhibit tumor development, progression, and metastasis without causing severe side effects. Understanding the molecular alterations that contribute to cancer development and progression is a key factor in cancer prevention and treatment. Despite the tangible advances in cancer therapy, the reported incidence of the disease and the mortality have not declined in the past 30 years. In 2018, there were around 1.73 million new cases of cancer and more than 609,000 deaths in the United States alone. Cancer is the second most life-threatening disease and one of the main public health problems worldwide. ![]()
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